| Citation: | Aiyong Chen, Yujing Chen, Haijun Hu. SPECTRAL STABILITY OF ELLIPTIC SOLUTIONS TO THE DEFOCUSING LAKSHMANAN-PORSEZIAN-DANIEL EQUATION[J]. Journal of Applied Analysis & Computation, 2026, 16(2): 1074-1094. doi: 10.11948/20250211 |
In this paper, by exploiting the integrability of the defocusing Lakshmanan-Porsezian-Daniel (LPD) equation, we establish the spectral stability for the elliptic solutions with respect to subharmonic perturbations. We achieve this goal by constructing explicitly the squared-eigenfunction connection between the linear stability problem and its Lax pair. Furthermore, based on the spectral stability results, the linear stability for subharmonic perturbations is obtained by applying directly the Skew-symmetric Composed with Self-adjoint (SCS) basis lemma. Although it is challenging to determine analytically the spectra for all operators except the simplest ones, this research provides a detailed analytical description of the stable Lax spectrum and the stability spectrum.
| [1] | M. Ablowitz, B. Herbst and C. Schober, Computational chaos in the nonlinear Schrödinger equation without homoclinic crossings, Physica A, 1996, 228(1-4), 212-235. doi: 10.1016/0378-4371(95)00434-3 |
| [2] | M. Ablowitz and H. Segur, Solitons and the Inverse Scattering Transform, SIAM, Philadelphia, 1981. |
| [3] | S. Akram, J. Ahmad and S. U. Rehman, Stability analysis and dynamical behavior of solitons in nonlinear optics modelled by Lakshmanan-Porsezian-Daniel equation, Opt. Quant. Electron., 2023, 55(8), 685. doi: 10.1007/s11082-023-04986-4 |
| [4] | M. Arshad, A. R. Seadawy and D. Lu, Elliptic function and solitary wave solutions of the higher-order nonlinear Schrödinger dynamical equation with fourth-order dispersion and cubic-quintic nonlinearity and its stability, European Phys. J. Plus, 2017, 132(8), 1-11. |
| [5] | F. Azzouzi, H. Triki, K. Mezghiche and A. E. Akrmi, Solitary wave solutions for high dispersive cubic-quintic nonlinear Schrödinger equation, Chaos, Solitons Fractals, 2009, 39(3), 1304-1307. doi: 10.1016/j.chaos.2007.06.024 |
| [6] | N. Bottman, B. Deconinck and M. Nivala, Elliptic solutions of the defocusing NLS equation are stable, J. Phys. A, 2011, 44(28), 285201-285225. doi: 10.1088/1751-8113/44/28/285201 |
| [7] | M. Chen, C. W. Curtis, B. Deconinck, C. W. Lee and N. Nguyen, Spectral stability of stationary solutions of a Boussinesq system describing long waves in dispersive media, SIAM J. Appl. Dyn. Syst., 2010, 9(3), 999-1018. doi: 10.1137/090779929 |
| [8] | M. Chen, N. Liu and Y. Wang, Well-posedness of the Cauchy problem for the fourth-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation, Appl. Math. Lett., 2025, 160, 109340. doi: 10.1016/j.aml.2024.109340 |
| [9] | P. Clarkson, Painleve analysis and the complete integrability of a generalized variable-coefficient Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation, IMA J. Appl. Math., 1990, 44(1), 27-53. doi: 10.1093/imamat/44.1.27 |
| [10] | M. Daniel, L. Kavitha and R. Amuda, Soliton spin excitations in an anisotropic Heisenberg ferromagnet with octupole-dipole interaction, Phys. Rev. B, 1999, 59(21), 13774-13781. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.59.13774 |
| [11] | T. Davydova and Y. Zaliznyak, Schrödinger ordinary solitons and chirped solitons: Fourth-order dispersive effects and cubic-quintic nonlinearity, Physica D, 2001, 156(3-4), 260-282. doi: 10.1016/S0167-2789(01)00269-X |
| [12] | B. Deconinck and T. Kapitula, The orbital stability of the cnoidal waves of the Korteweg-de Vries equation, Phys. Lett. A, 2010, 374(39), 4018-4022. doi: 10.1016/j.physleta.2010.08.007 |
| [13] | B. Deconinck, F. Kiyak, J. D. Carter and J. N. Kutz, SpectrUW: A laboratory for the numerical exploration of spectra of linear operators, Math. Comput. Simul., 2007, 74(4-5), 370-378. doi: 10.1016/j.matcom.2006.10.011 |
| [14] | B. Deconinck and J. N. Kutz, Computing spectra of linear operators using the Floquet-Fourier-Hill method, J. Comput. Phys., 2006, 219(1), 296-321. doi: 10.1016/j.jcp.2006.03.020 |
| [15] | B. Deconinck, P. McGill and B. L. Segal, The stability spectrum for elliptic solutions to the sine-Gordon equation, Physica D, 2017, 360, 17-35. doi: 10.1016/j.physd.2017.08.010 |
| [16] | B. Deconinck and M. Nivala, The stability analysis of the periodic traveling wave solutions of the mKdV equation, Stud. Appl. Math., 2011, 126(1), 17-48. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9590.2010.00496.x |
| [17] | B. Deconinck and J. Upsal, The orbital stability of elliptic solutions of the focusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation, SIAM J. Math. Anal., 2020, 52(1), 1-41. doi: 10.1137/19M1240757 |
| [18] | C. Ding, Q. Zhou, H. Triki and Z. H. Hu, Interaction dynamics of optical dark bound solitons for a defocusing Lakshmanan-Porsezian-Daniel equation, Opt. Express, 2022, 30(22), 40712-40727. doi: 10.1364/OE.473024 |
| [19] | P. G. Drazin and W. H. Reid, Hydrodynamic Stability, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004. |
| [20] | R. Guo and H. Q. Hao, Breathers and multi-soliton solutions for the higher-order generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation, Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul., 2013, 18(9), 2426-2435. doi: 10.1016/j.cnsns.2013.01.019 |
| [21] | M. Haragus and T. Kapitula, On the spectra of periodic waves for infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian systems, Physica D, 2008, 237(20), 2649-2671. doi: 10.1016/j.physd.2008.03.050 |
| [22] | B. B. Hu, J. Lin and L. Zhang, Riemann-Hilbert problem associated with the vector Lakshmanan-Porsezian-Daniel model in the birefringent optical fibers, Math. Meth. Appl. Sci., 2022, 45(17), 11545-11561. doi: 10.1002/mma.8465 |
| [23] | B. B. Hu, J. Lin and L. Zhang, Dynamic behaviors of soliton solutions for a three-coupled Lakshmanan-Porsezian-Daniel model, Nonlinear Dyn., 2022, 107(3), 2773-2785. doi: 10.1007/s11071-021-07135-2 |
| [24] | B. B. Hu, Z. Y. Shen and L. Zhang, Nonlocal Kundu-Eckhaus equation: Integrability, Riemann-Hilbert approach and Cauchy problem with step-like initial data, Lett. Math. Phys., 2024, 114(2), 55. doi: 10.1007/s11005-024-01802-2 |
| [25] | B. B. Hu, X. M. Yu and L. Zhang, On the Riemann-Hilbert problem of the matrix Lakshmanan-Porsezian-Daniel system with an AKNS-type matrix Lax pair, Theor. Math. Phys., 2022, 210(3), 337-352. doi: 10.1134/S0040577922030047 |
| [26] | B. B. Hu, L. Zhang and Z. Y. Shen, Nonlocal combined nonlinear Schrödinger-Gerdjikov-Ivanov model: Integrability, Riemann-Hilbert problem with simple and double poles, Cauchy problem with step-like initial data, J. Math. Phys., 2024, 65(10), 103501. doi: 10.1063/5.0213183 |
| [27] | Z. Huo and Y. Jia, A refined well-posedness for the fourth-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation related to the vortex filament, Comm. Partial Differential Equations, 2007, 32(10-12), 1493-1510. |
| [28] | H. H. Hussein, H. M. Ahmed and W. Alexan, Analytical soliton solutions for cubic-quartic perturbations of the Lakshmanan-Porsezian-Daniel equation using the modified extended tanh function method, Ain Shams Eng. J., 2024, 15(3), 102513. doi: 10.1016/j.asej.2023.102513 |
| [29] | T. Ivey and S. Lafortune, Stability of closed solutions to the vortex filament equation hierarchy with application to the Hirota equation, Nonlinearity, 2018, 31(2), 458-490. doi: 10.1088/1361-6544/aa89d6 |
| [30] | M. Lakshmanan, K. Porsezian and M. Daniel, Effect of discreteness on the continuum limit of the Heisenberg spin chain, Phys. Lett. A, 1988, 133(9), 483-488. doi: 10.1016/0375-9601(88)90520-8 |
| [31] | W. Liu, D. Q. Qiu, Z. W. Wu and J. S. He, Dynamical behavior of solution in integrable nonlocal Lakshmanan-Porsezian-Daniel equation, Commun. Theor. Phys., 2016, 65(6), 671. doi: 10.1088/0253-6102/65/6/671 |
| [32] | Y. Lou, Interactions of breathers and rogue wave for the coupled Lakshmanan-Porsezian-Daniel equation, Nonlinear Dyn., 2024, 112(10), 8453-8463. doi: 10.1007/s11071-024-09495-x |
| [33] | L. Lu, X. K. He and A. Y. Chen, Bifurcations analysis and monotonicity of the period function of the Lakshmanan-Porsezian-Daniel equation with Kerr law of nonlinearity, Qual. Theory Dyn. Syst., 2024, 23(4), 179. doi: 10.1007/s12346-024-01042-8 |
| [34] | L. N. Ma, S. Li, T. M. Wang, X. Y. Xie and Z. Du, Multi-soliton solutions and asymptotic analysis for the coupled variable-coefficient Lakshmanan-Porsezian-Daniel equations via Riemann-Hilbert approach, Phys. Scripta, 2023, 98(7), 75222. doi: 10.1088/1402-4896/acde12 |
| [35] |
N. I. Okposo, K. Raghavendar, N. Khan, J. F. Gómez-Agullar and A. M. Jonathan, New exact optical solutions for the Lakshmanan-Porsezian-Daniel equation with parabolic law nonlinearity using the $ \phi^{6}$-expansion technique, Nonlinear Dyn., 2025, 113(5), 4775-4795. doi: 10.1007/s11071-024-10430-3
CrossRef $ \phi^{6}$-expansion technique" target="_blank">Google Scholar |
| [36] | W. Peng and Y. Chen, Long-time asymptotics for the integrable nonlocal Lakshmanan-Porsezian-Daniel equation with decaying initial value data, Appl. Math. Lett., 2024, 152, 109030. doi: 10.1016/j.aml.2024.109030 |
| [37] | K. Porsezian, M. Daniel and M. Lakshmanan, On the integrability aspects of the one-dimensional classical continuum isotropic biquadratic Heisenberg spin chain, J. Math. Phys., 1992, 33(5), 1807-1816. doi: 10.1063/1.529658 |
| [38] | M. Saha and A. K. Sarma, Solitary wave solutions and modulation instability analysis of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with higher order dispersion and nonlinear terms, Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simulat., 2013, 18(9), 2420-2425. doi: 10.1016/j.cnsns.2012.12.028 |
| [39] | J. Segata, Remark on well-posedness for the fourth order nonlinear Schrödinger type equation, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., 2004, 132(12), 3559-3568. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9939-04-07620-8 |
| [40] | J. Segata, Refined energy inequality with application to well-posedness for the fourth order nonlinear Schrödinger type equation on torus, J. Differential Equations, 2012, 252(11), 5994-6011. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2012.02.016 |
| [41] | W. R. Sun, The orbital stability of the periodic traveling wave solutions to the defocusing complex modified Korteweg-de Vries equation, Nonlinear Anal., 2023, 227, 113155. doi: 10.1016/j.na.2022.113155 |
| [42] | W. R. Sun and M. M. Liu, Stability of elliptic solutions to the defocusing fourth order nonlinear Schrödinger equation, Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simulat., 2023, 117, 106929. doi: 10.1016/j.cnsns.2022.106929 |
| [43] | C. G. Tiofack, F. II Ndzana, A. Mohamadou and T. C. Kofane, Spatial solitons and stability in the one-dimensional and the two-dimensional generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation with fourth-order diffraction and parity-time-symmetric potentials, Phys. Rev. E, 2018, 97(3), 032204. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.97.032204 |
| [44] | J. Upsal and B. Deconinck, Real Lax spectrum implies spectral stability, Stud. Appl. Math., 2020, 145(4), 765-790. doi: 10.1111/sapm.12335 |
| [45] | M. M. Wang and Y. Chen, General multi-soliton and higher-order soliton solutions for a novel nonlocal Lakshmanan-Porsezian-Daniel equation, Nonlinear Dyn., 2023, 111(1), 655-669. doi: 10.1007/s11071-022-07844-2 |
| [46] | X. L. Wang, W. G. Zhang and B. G. Zhai, Rogue waves of the higher-order dispersive nonlinear Schrödinger equation, Commun. Theor. Phys., 2012, 58(4), 531-538. doi: 10.1088/0253-6102/58/4/15 |
| [47] | X. H. Wu, Y. T. Gao, X. Yu, C. C. Ding and L. Q. Li, Modified generalized Darboux transformation and solitons for a Lakshmanan-Porsezian-Daniel equation, Chaos, Solitons Fractals, 2022, 162, 112399. doi: 10.1016/j.chaos.2022.112399 |
| [48] | T. Xu and G. L. He, Higher-order interactional solutions and rogue wave pairs for the coupled Lakshmanan-Porsezian-Daniel equations, Nonlinear Dyn., 2019, 98(3), 1731-1744. doi: 10.1007/s11071-019-05282-1 |
| [49] | Z. Y. Yin and S. F. Tian, Stability of elliptic solutions for the Hirota equation, Z. Angew. Math. Phys., 2025, 76(1), 1-22. doi: 10.1007/s00033-024-02358-w |
| [50] | H. Q. Zhang and F. Chen, Rogue waves for the fourth-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation on the periodic background, Chaos, 2021, 31(2), 023129. doi: 10.1063/5.0030072 |
| [51] | H. Q. Zhang, B. Tian, X. H. Meng, X. Lu and W. J. Liu, Conservation laws, soliton solutions and modulational instability for the higher-order dispersive nonlinear Schrödinger equation, Eur. Phys. J. B, 2009, 72, 233-239. doi: 10.1140/epjb/e2009-00356-3 |
| [52] | J. H. Zhang, L. Wang and C. Liu, Superregular breathers, characteristics of nonlinear stage of modulation instability induced by higher-order effects, Proc. R. Soc. A, 2017, 473(2199), 20160681. doi: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0681 |
| [53] | Y. Zhao, The nonlinear steepest descent approach to the long-time asymptotics of the three-coupled Lakshmanan-Porsezian-Daniel model, Physica D, 2025, 478, 134713. doi: 10.1016/j.physd.2025.134713 |
A family of periodic orbits of system (2.3) for