| Citation: | Ci Kong, Maoan Han, Yun Tian, Xianbo Sun. SOME BIFURCATION RESULTS IN NEAR-HAMILTONIAN SYSTEMS WITH FINITE-ORDER SMOOTHNESS[J]. Journal of Applied Analysis & Computation, 2027, 17(1): 579-607. doi: 10.11948/20260335 |
This paper presents a systematic survey of bifurcation theory for near-Hamiltonian systems with finite-order smoothness. Unlike the classical $C^{\infty}$ or $C^{\omega}$ framework, we collect some known results on limit cycle bifurcations for planar systems with finite-order smoothness, including Poincaré bifurcation, Hopf bifurcation, homoclinic bifurcation, double homoclinic bifurcation, heteroclinic bifurcation, and bifurcations involving nilpotent singularities. For each type, we summarize the relevant bifurcation theorems on properties of the Melnikov functions and the conditions for the existence and the number of limit cycles that can be produced.
| [1] | M. Cai and M. Han, Finding limit cycles near a double heteroclinic loop on the cylinder, Qual. Theory Dyn. Syst., 2026, 25, 137. doi: 10.1007/s12346-026-01558-1 |
| [2] | A. Chen, L. Guo and X. Deng, Existence of solitary waves and periodic waves for a perturbed generalized BBM equation, J. Differ. Equ., 2016, 261, 5324–5349. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2016.08.003 |
| [3] | X. Chen and M. Han, Further study on Horozov-Ilievs method of estimating the number of limit cycles, Sci. China Math., 2022, 65, 2255–2270. doi: 10.1007/s11425-021-1933-7 |
| [4] | L. A. Cherkas, On the stability of singular cycles, Differ. Equ., 1968, 4, 1012–1017. |
| [5] | S. N. Chow, C. Li and D. Wang, Normal Form and Bifurcations of Planar Vector Fields, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1994. |
| [6] | J. Christopher, Geometric Singular Perturbation Theory, Lecture Notes Math., vol. 1609, Springer-Verlag, 1995. |
| [7] | C. Christopher, C. Li and J. Torregrosa, Limit Cycles of Differential Equations, Birkhäuser-Verlag, 2024. |
| [8] | Z. Du and J. Li, Geometric singular perturbation analysis to Camassa-Holm-Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation, J. Differ. Equ., 2022, 306, 418–438. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2021.10.033 |
| [9] | N. Fenichel, Geometric singular perturbation theory for ordinary differential equations, J. Differ. Equ., 1979, 31, 53–98. doi: 10.1016/0022-0396(79)90152-9 |
| [10] | W. Geng, M. Han, Y. Tian and A. Ke, Heteroclinic bifurcation of limit cycles in perturbed cubic Hamiltonian systems by higher-order analysis, J. Differ. Equ., 2023, 357, 412–435. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2023.02.027 |
| [11] | M. Grau, F. Mansas and J. Villadelprat, A Chebyshev criterion for Abelian integrals, Trans. Am. Math. Soc., 2011, 363, 109–129. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9947-2010-05007-X |
| [12] | J. Guckenheimer and P. Holmes, Nonlinear Oscillation Dynamical Systems and Bifurcation of Vector Fields, Springer-Verlag, 1983. |
| [13] | M. Han, On the number of limit cycles bifurcating from a homoclinic or heteroclinic loop (In Chinese), Sci. China Ser. A, 1993, 36(2), 113–132. |
| [14] | M. Han, Bifurcations of invariant tori and subharmonic solutions for periodic perturbed systems, Sci. China Ser. A, 1994, 37(11), 1325–1336. |
| [15] | M. Han, Cyclicity of planar homoclinic loops and quadratic integrable systems, Sci. China (Series A), 1997, 40(12), 1247–1258. doi: 10.1007/BF02876370 |
| [16] | M. Han, On Hopf cyclicity of planar systems, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 2000, 245, 404–422. doi: 10.1006/jmaa.2000.6758 |
| [17] | M. Han, Periodic Solutions and Bifurcation Theory of Dynamical Systems (In Chinese), Science Press, Beijing, 2002. |
| [18] | M. Han, Bifurcation Theory of Limit Cycles, Science Press, Beijing, 2013. |
| [19] | M. Han, On the uniqueness of limit cycles in codimension two bifurcations, J. Nonlinear Model. Anal., 2024, 6, 514–525. |
| [20] | M. Han and J. Chen, On the number of limit cycles in double homoclinic bifurcations, Sci. China Ser. A, 2000, 43(9), 401–414. |
| [21] | M. Han and J. Chen, Bifurcation of limit cycles of a class of near-Hamiltonian systems near a degenerate center, Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, 2026, 208, 118367. doi: 10.1016/j.chaos.2026.118367 |
| [22] | M. Han, W. Hou and W. Liu, Global dynamics of a polynomial Liénard system, J. Appl. Anal. Comput., 2025, 16(2), 937–965. |
| [23] | M. Han, S. Hu and X. Liu, On the stability of double homoclinic and heteroclinic cycles, Nonlinear Anal., 2003, 53, 701–713. doi: 10.1016/S0362-546X(02)00301-2 |
| [24] | M. Han, J. Jiang and H. Zhu, Limit cycle bifurcations in near-Hamiltonian systems by perturbing a nilpotent center, Int. J. Bifurcation Chaos, 2008, 18(10), 3013–3027. doi: 10.1142/S0218127408022226 |
| [25] | M. Han and A. Ke, On symmetry property of center manifolds of differential systems, J. Appl. Anal. Comput., 2025, 15(1), 1–8. |
| [26] | M. Han, D. Luo and D. Zhu, The uniqueness of limit cycles bifurcated from a separatrix cycle (II) (in Chinese), Acta Math. Sin., 1992, 35(4), 523–530. |
| [27] | M. Han, D. Luo and D. Zhu, The uniqueness of limit cycles bifurcated from a separatrix cycle (III) (in Chinese), Acta Math. Sin., 1992, 35(5), 673–684. |
| [28] | M. Han, L. Sheng and X. Zhang, Bifurcation theory for finitely smooth planar autonomous differential systems, J. Differ. Equ., 2018, 264, 3596–3618. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2017.11.025 |
| [29] | M. Han and J. Yang, The maximum number of zeros of functions with parameters and application to differential equations, J. Nonlinear Model. Anal., 2021, 3, 13–34. |
| [30] | M. Han and J. Yang, Foundations of Qualitative Theory of Ordinary Differential Equations (In Chinese), Science Press, Beijing, 2023. |
| [31] | M. Han, J. Yang and J. Li, General study on limit cycle bifurcation near a double homoclinic loop, J. Differ. Equ., 2023, 347, 1–23. |
| [32] | M. Han, J. Yang, A. A. Tarta and Y. Gao, Limit cycles near homoclinic and hetero-clinic loops, J. Dyn. Differ. Equ., 2008, 20(4), 923–944. doi: 10.1007/s10884-008-9108-3 |
| [33] | M. Han and Y. Ye, On the coefficients appearing in the expansion of Melnikov function in homoclinic bifurcations, Ann. Differ. Equ., 1998, 14, 156–162. |
| [34] | M. Han, H. Zang and J. Yang, Limit cycle bifurcations by perturbing a cuspidal loop in a Hamiltonian system, J. Differ. Equ., 2009, 246(1), 129–163. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2008.06.039 |
| [35] | M. Han and Z. Zhang, Cyclicity 1 and 2 conditions for a 2-polycycle of integrable systems on the plane, J. Differ. Equ., 1999, 155, 245–261. doi: 10.1006/jdeq.1998.3585 |
| [36] | M. Han and D. Zhu, Bifurcation Theory of Differential Equations (In Chinese), Coal Industry Publishing House, Beijing, 1994. |
| [37] | M. Han and H. Zhu, The loop quantities and bifurcations of homoclinic loops, J. Differ. Equ., 2007, 234, 339–359. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2006.11.009 |
| [38] | J. M. Jebrane and H. Zoladek, Abelian integrals in nonsymmetric perturbations of symmetric Hamiltonian vector fields, Adv. Appl. Math., 1994, 15, 1–12. |
| [39] | A. Ke and M. Han, Hopf bifurcation of three-dimensional systems with parameters, J. Differ. Equ., 2025, 440, 113463. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2025.113463 |
| [40] | F. Liang and M. Han, Expansion coefficients and their relation for Melnikov functions near polycycles, J. Differ. Equ., 2015, 435, 113312. |
| [41] | C. Liu and D. Xiao, The monotonicity of the ratio of two Abelian integrals, Trans. Am. Math. Soc., 2013, 365, 5525–5544. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9947-2013-05934-X |
| [42] | S. Liu and M. Han, Bifurcation theory of limit cycles by higher order Melnikov functions and applications, J. Differ. Equ., 2024, 403, 29–66. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2024.04.036 |
| [43] | W. Liu and M. Han, Bifurcations of traveling wave solutions of a generalized Burgers-Fisher equation, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 2024, 533(2), 128012. doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2023.128012 |
| [44] | D. Luo, M. Han and D. Zhu, The uniqueness of limit cycles bifurcated from a separatrix cycle (I) (in Chinese), Acta Math. Sin., 1992, 35(3), 407–417. |
| [45] | V. K. Melnikov, On the stability of the center for time periodic perturbations, Trans. Moscow Math. Soc., 1963, 12, 1–57. |
| [46] | A. Mourtada, Degenerate and nontrivial hyperbolic polycaycles with two vertices, J. Differ. Equ., 1994, 113, 68–83. doi: 10.1006/jdeq.1994.1114 |
| [47] | K. Patra and C. S. Rao, Periodic traveling wave solutions of a singularly perturbed gen-eralized mKdV equation with higher-degree nonlinearities, Int. J. Bifurcation Chaos, 2026, 36(4), 2650039. doi: 10.1142/S0218127426500392 |
| [48] | J. W. Reyn, Generating of limit cycles from separatrix polygons in the phase plane, Lecture Note in Math., 1980, 810, 264–289. |
| [49] | R. Roussarie, On the number of limit cycles which appear by perturbation of separatrix loop of planar vector fields, Bol. Soc. Bras. Mat., 1986, 17, 67–101. doi: 10.1007/BF02584827 |
| [50] | L. Sheng and M. Han, Bifurcation of limit cycles from a compound loop with five saddles, J. Appl. Anal. Comput., 2019, 9(6), 2482–2495. |
| [51] | L. Sheng, M. Han and Y. Tian, On the number of limit cycles bifurcating from a compound polycycle, Int. J. Bifurcation Chaos, 2020, 30(7), 2050099. doi: 10.1142/S0218127420500996 |
| [52] | X. Sun, Y. Tian and M. Han, Homoclinic bifurcation near a loop tangent to an invariant straight line, J. Differ. Equ., 2025, 425, 157–189. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2025.01.008 |
| [53] | X. Sun and M. Zhang, Dynamics of a quartic Korteweg-de Vries equation with multiple dissipations via an Abelian integral approach, Chaos, 2025, 35(8), 083118. doi: 10.1063/5.0269545 |
| [54] | Y. Tian and M. Han, Hopf and homoclinic bifurcations for near-Hamiltonian systems, J. Differ. Equ., 2017, 262, 3214–3234. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2016.11.026 |
| [55] | Y. Tian and P. Yu, Bifurcation of small limit cycles in cubic integrable systems using higher-order analysis, J. Differ. Equ., 2018, 264, 5950–5976. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2018.01.022 |
| [56] | W. Yan, R. Yu and L. Wang, Existence of solitary waves and periodic waves in a perturbed generalized Gardner equation, Qual. Theory Dyn. Syst., 2026, 25, 106. doi: 10.1007/s12346-026-01528-7 |
| [57] | J. Yang and M. Han, Some properties of Melnikov functions near a cuspidal loop, Sci. China Math., 2024, 67(4), 767–786. doi: 10.1007/s11425-022-2124-7 |
| [58] | J. Yang and M. Han, Limit cycles near a compound cycle in a near-Hamiltonian system with smooth perturbations, Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, 2024, 184, 114963. doi: 10.1016/j.chaos.2024.114963 |
| [59] | J. Yang, Y. Xiong and M. Han, Limit cycle bifurcations near a 2-polycycle or double 2-polycycle of planar systems, Nonlinear Anal., 2014, 95, 756–773. doi: 10.1016/j.na.2013.10.019 |
| [60] | L. Zhang, M. Han, M. Zhang and C. M. Khalique, A new type of solitary wave solution of the mKdV equation under singular perturbations, Int. J. Bifurcation Chaos, 2020, 30, 1–14. |
| [61] | L. Zhang and W. Yang, Persistence of the traveling wave solutions for the modified equal width equation with singular perturbation, Qual. Theory Dyn. Syst., 2026, 25(2), 50. doi: 10.1007/s12346-026-01473-5 |
Poincaré map.
Clockwise-oriented homoclinic orbit.
The relative positions of
Clockwise-oriented double homoclinic loop.
Separatrices near the double homoclinic loop.
Large homoclinic loop for
Bifurcation diagram of system (4.2) near
Clockwise-oriented heteroclinic loop.
The case with
Phase portrait of the loop
A double heteroclinic loop with clockwise orientation.