| Citation: | Rania Saadeh, Mohamed A. Barakat, Abd-Allah Hyder, Hüseyin Budak, Abdelraheem Mahmoud Aly, Mohamed Hafez. ENHANCED HERMITE–HADAMARD INEQUALITIES FOR INTERVAL–VALUED FUNCTIONS VIA GENERALIZED FRACTIONAL OPERATORS AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK PREDICTIONS[J]. Journal of Applied Analysis & Computation, 2026, 16(5): 2720-2750. doi: 10.11948/20260002 |
In this study we explore the development of a branch of the theory of fractional integration by presenting a new methodological framework based on generalized fractional integrals, focusing on interval functions. This framework enables the more systematic and clear derivation of advanced Hermit-Hadamard inequalities suitable for convex functions. This work integrates Riemann-Liouville fractional inequalities with the classical form of Hermit-Hadamard inequalities for LR convex functions within a unified structure, eliminating the need for separate case studies or independent proofs for each inequality. This research also extends to the development of new Hermite-Hadamard inequalities targeting LR convex functions with interval values, further increasing the comprehensiveness of this proposed framework. The theoretical results obtained in this research are validated through discussions on examples and illustrations that show their application in the field of fractional integration inequalities. Artificial neural networks were also used in this research to correctly forecast the boundaries associated with inequalities in this field, increasing the reliability of this research's results.
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Comparison of left boundaries for Example 3.1.
Comparison of right boundaries Example 3.1.
Graph of the mid-term of the inequality (3.11).
Comparison of left boundaries for Example 3.2.
Comparison of left boundaries for Example 3.2.
Comparison of left boundaries for Example 3.2.
Comparison of right} boundaries for Example 3.2.
ANN model architecture for predicting inequalities (3.11) and (3.29). The input layer consists of fractional orders
Error histogram of the ANN model predicting inequalities (3.11) and (3.29). The plot illustrates the error distribution across 20 bins, with a zero-error reference line for comparison.
Training, validation, and test performance of the ANN model, showing the mean squared error (MSE) across 336 epochs. The best validation performance of
Training state of the ANN model at epoch 218, displaying the gradient (
Regression plots showing the ANN model's performance for training, validation, test, and overall data, with correlation coefficients (R) all close to 0.99999.
ANN predictions versus actual values for the left boundary of mid term in inequality (3.11), showing data points across the specified range.
ANN model predictions versus actual values for the left boundary of left term in inequality (3.29), displaying data points across the range.